Python - Membership Operators
Python Membership Operators
The membership operators in Python help us determine whether an item is present in a given container type object, or in other words, whether an item is a member of the given container type object.
Types of Python Membership Operators
Python has two membership operators: in and not in. Both return a Boolean result. The result of in operator is opposite to that of not in operator.
The ‘in’ Operator
The “in” operator is used to check whether a substring is present in a bigger string, any item is present in a list or tuple, or a sub-list or sub-tuple is included in a list or tuple.
Example of Python Membership “in” Operator
In the following example, different substrings are checked whether they belong to the string var=“TheMAKPro”. Python differentiates characters on the basis of their Unicode value. Hence “To” is not the same as “to”. Also note that if the “in” operator returns True, the “not in” operator evaluates to False.
var = "TheMAKPro"
a = "P"
b = "Pro"
c = "MA"
d = "To"
print (a, "in", var, ":", a in var)
print (b, "in", var, ":", b in var)
print (c, "in", var, ":", c in var)
print (d, "in", var, ":", d in var)
It will produce the following output −
P in TheMAKPro : True
Pro in TheMAKPro : True
MA in TheMAKPro : True
To in TheMAKPro : False
The ‘not in’ Operator
The “not in” operator is used to check a sequence with the given value is not present in the object like string, list, tuple, etc.
Example of Python Membership “not in” Operator
var = "TheMAKPro"
a = "P"
b = "Pro"
c = "MA"
d = "To"
print (a, "not in", var, ":", a not in var)
print (b, "not in", var, ":", b not in var)
print (c, "not in", var, ":", c not in var)
print (d, "not in", var, ":", d not in var)
It will produce the following output −
P not in TheMAKPro : False
Pro not in TheMAKPro : False
MA not in TheMAKPro : False
To not in TheMAKPro : True
Membership Operator with Lists and Tuples
You can use the “in/not in” operator to check the membership of an item in the list or tuple.
var = [10,20,30,40]
a = 20
b = 10
c = a-b
d = a/2
print (a, "in", var, ":", a in var)
print (b, "not in", var, ":", b not in var)
print (c, "in", var, ":", c in var)
print (d, "not in", var, ":", d not in var)
It will produce the following output −
20 in [10, 20, 30, 40] : True
10 not in [10, 20, 30, 40] : False
10 in [10, 20, 30, 40] : True
10.0 not in [10, 20, 30, 40] : False
In the last case, “d” is a float but still it compares to True with 10 (an int) in the list. Even if a number expressed in other formats like binary, octal or hexadecimal are given the membership operators tell if it is inside the sequence.
>>> 0x14 in [10, 20, 30, 40]
True
Example
However, if you try to check if two successive numbers are present in a list or tuple, the in operator returns False. If the list/tuple contains the successive numbers as a sequence itself, then it returns True.
var = (10,20,30,40)
a = 10
b = 20
print ((a,b), "in", var, ":", (a,b) in var)
var = ((10,20),30,40)
a = 10
b = 20
print ((a,b), "in", var, ":", (a,b) in var)
It will produce the following output −
(10, 20) in (10, 20, 30, 40) : False
(10, 20) in ((10, 20), 30, 40) : True
Membership Operator with Sets
Python’s membership operators also work well with the set objects.
var = {10,20,30,40}
a = 10
b = 20
print (b, "in", var, ":", b in var)
var = {(10,20),30,40}
a = 10
b = 20
print ((a,b), "in", var, ":", (a,b) in var)
It will produce the following output −
20 in {40, 10, 20, 30} : True
(10, 20) in {40, 30, (10, 20)} : True
Membership Operator with Dictionaries
Use of in as well as not in operators with dictionary object is allowed. However, Python checks the membership only with the collection of keys and not values.
var = {1:10, 2:20, 3:30}
a = 2
b = 20
print (a, "in", var, ":", a in var)
print (b, "in", var, ":", b in var)
It will produce the following output −
2 in {1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30} : True
20 in {1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30} : False